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norway in ww2
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The Germans, however, landed fresh troops in the rear of the British at Namsos and advanced up the Gudbrandsdal from Oslo against the force at Åndalsnes. The German occupation of Norway during World War II began on 9 April 1940 after German forces invaded the neutral Scandinavian country of Norway. Dönitz dismissed Terboven from his post as Reichskommissar on 7 May, transferring his powers to General Böhme. Copy link. The trials have been subject to some criticism in later years. Moreover, many towns and settlements were damaged or destroyed by bombing and fighting. The Nazi authorities made attempts to enact legislation that supported its actions and policies; it therefore banned all political parties except NS, appointed local leaders top down and forced labour unions and other organizations to accept NS leaders. When the clearing ended in September 1946, 392 of them had been injured and 275 had been killed, meanwhile only two Norwegians and four British mine-clearers had sustained any injuries. [4]:77 This prompted the Norwegian government to unanimously advise him not to appoint any government headed by Quisling. Tap to unmute. This proved to be a huge logistical undertaking. In addition to the few who survived concentration camps, some also survived by fleeing the country, mostly to Sweden, but some also to the United Kingdom. These "border pilots", and people who hid refugees in their homes, were among those in the resistance movement who took the greatest risks. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. Discover +14 Answers from experts : The purge in Norway after World War II took place between May 1945 and August 1948 against anyone who was deemed to have collaborated with the German occupation of the country. The complement of surviving German fighter aircraft that once served with JG 5 comprises some twenty examples of the Messerschmitt Bf 109, and several examples of the radial-engined versions of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190. The postponement was catastrophic. With the outbreak of hostilities in 1939, Norway again declared itself neutral. However, following Adolf Hitler's suicide on 30 April, Hitler's successor Admiral Karl Dönitz summoned Terboven and General Franz Böhme, Commander-in-Chief of German forces in Norway, to a meeting in Flensburg, where they were ordered to follow the General headquarters' instructions. Having maintained its neutrality during World War I, Norwegian foreign and military policy since 1933 was largely influenced by three factors: 1. German forces in Denmark surrendered on 5 May, and on the same day, General Eisenhower dispatched a telegram to resistance headquarters in Norway, which was passed on to General Böhme; it contained information on how to make contact with Allied General Headquarters. Control of Norways extensive coastline would have been very important in the battle for control of the North Sea and easing the passage of German warships and submarines into the Atlantic. The Norway Campaign in World War Two German troops land. The story behind Hitler's plan of Germany getting the atomic bomb during WW2, and the heavy water sabotages in Rjukan, Norway, seen from four angles, the German side, the allied, the saboteurs and the company side. A distinction was made between the home front (Hjemmefronten) and the external front (Utefronten). In the end, 37 people were executed by Norwegian authorities: 25 Norwegians on the grounds of treason, and 12 Germans on the grounds of crimes against humanity. A year later the Labour government fell and was replaced by a centre-coalition minority government, with Kjell Magne Bondevik of the Christian People’s Party as prime minister. Allied forces attempted several counterattacks, but all failed. Illegal newspapers were distributed, including Friheten, Vårt Land, Fritt Land. Norway was occupied by Germany from 1940 to 1945. Brundtland returned as prime minister in May 1986 but was again defeated three years later. Until the 1980s Norway had full or nearly full employment and a swiftly rising standard of living. By 1949 the merchant fleet had attained its prewar size, and the figures for both industrial production and housing were greater than in the 1930s. After three weeks the war was abandoned in southern Norway. The Germans reacted by bombing the village they believed the King was occupying. The control of Norway would also aid Germanys ability to import iron ore from Sweden. to reinforce the propaganda of a "Germanic empire". As it turned out, most of the plans enabled by the budgetary expansion were not completed in time. German soldiers invaded Norway on 9th April 1940. SS and Police Leaders for Norway included Hans Hüttig as well as Rediess. Fiscal austerity promoted by the conservative parties; 2. Apr 16, 2020 - Pictures from the involvement of Norway and Norwegians during WW2. However, the advance of the Soviet troops stopped and West-Finnmark and North-Troms became a no-man's land between the Soviet army and the German army. Some 43,000 people complied with the order to evacuate the region immediately; those who refused were forced to leave their homes. The mothers were ostracised and humiliated after the war both by Norwegian officialdom and the civilian population, and were called names such as tyskertøser (literally "whores/sluts of [the] Germans"). Towards the end of the war, in March 1945, Norwegian Reichskommissar Josef Terboven had considered plans to make Norway the last bastion of the Third Reich and a last sanctum for German leaders. The economic consequences of the German occupation were severe. During the Winter War, the Norwegian government technically did not allow men to volunteer for the war in Finland out of fear that that would aggravate the Germans and hamper their goal of remaining a neutral country.Nonetheless, more than seven hundred men and women volunteered to fight with Finnish troops including doctors, nurses, and several future leaders of the Norwegian resistance movement such as Max Manus and … [1] In March and April 1940, on the pretext of German aggression, British plans for an invasion of Norway were prepared, mainly in order to reach and destroy the Swedish iron ore mines in Gällivare. A total of 1,442 people and 1,225 short tons (1,111 t) of material were flown in by Dakota transport aircraft from Kallax in Sweden to Finnmark, and by April the Norwegian forces numbered over 3,000 men. The Soviets pursued the Germans over the following days, and fighting occurred around the small settlements of Munkelv and Neiden to the west of Kirkenes around 27 October. It soon became obvious that reconnaissance patrols needed to be sent out to observe German activities and discover whether or not the population of Finnmark had been evacuated. On his return to Norway, General Böhme issued a secret directive to his commanders in which he ordered "unconditional military obedience" and "iron discipline". In the north, German troops engaged in a bitter fight at the Battle of Narvik. On July 22, 2011, a pair of terror attacks stunned Norway. By that time the German offensive in France had progressed to such an extent that the British could no longer afford any commitment in Norway, and the 25,000 Britons and Frenchmen were evacuated from Narvik only 10 days after their victory. Attack and counter … This period of military occupation is, in Norway, referred to as the "war years" or "occupation period". During the five-year occupation, several thousand Norwegian women had children fathered by German soldiers in the Lebensborn program. Gray and black market provided for flow of goods. Finally, on 7 June, which also happened to be the 40th anniversary of the dissolution of Norway's union with Sweden, King Haakon VII and the remaining members of the royal family arrived in Oslo. In 1944, the Allgemeine-SS established the 127th SS-Standarte, which was the last command of the General-SS ever created. The old “poor law” was replaced by a law on national welfare assistance in 1964. Up Next. On 26 April the Norwegian command sent out a message that Finnmark was free. Swedish authorities accepted the refugees and ensured their safety once they had crossed the border, but did little to facilitate their escape. Of the Norwegians who supported the Nasjonal Samling party, relatively few were active collaborators. (King Olaf V died in 1991 and was succeeded by his son, who ascended the throne as Harald V.) Bondevik remained in office until 2000, when his government was replaced by a minority government led by Jens Stoltenberg of the Labour Party, whose brief tenure ended in 2001 with the return of Bondevik at the head of another conservative coalition. Prior to the invasion, on 14 and 18 December 1939, Vidkun Quisling, the leader of Norway's fascist party, the Nasjonal Samling ("National Gathering"), had tried to persuade Adolf Hitler that he would form a government in support of occupying Germans. German troops evacuating Trondheim using local horse-drawn transport. [citation needed]. [4]:55 Consistent with Blitzkrieg warfare, German forces attacked Norway by sea and air as Operation Weserübung was put into action. Fritz Moen, the only known victim of dual miscarriage of justice in Europe, was the child of a Norwegian woman and a German soldier, as was ABBA member Anni-Frid Lyngstad. The conditions included the German High Command agreeing to arrest and intern all German and Norwegian Nazi party members listed by the Allies, disarm and intern all SS troops, and send all German forces to designated areas. When the German ambassador to Norway, Curt Bräuer, presented his government's demands to Haakon, the king let it be known he would abdicate before appointing Quisling prime minister. Since the Norwegian parliament continued to operate in exile in Britain, many of these exiles voluntarily came to serve in the Allied military forces, often forming their own distinct Norwegian units in accordance with the Allied Forces Act. In Norway, Vidkun Quisling, leader of the small Norwegian National Socialist party (Nasjonal Samling, or National Union)—which had never obtained a seat in the Storting—proclaimed a “national government” on April 9. Notable military operations in Norway include: With the beginning of the German withdrawal from Lapland, the initial German plan was to retain the essential nickel mines around Petsamo in the far North held by the 19th Mountain Corps under General Ferdinand Jodl, but events led to the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ordering the entire 20th Mountain Army out of Finland to take up new defensive positions around Lyngen and Skibotn just to the north of Tromsø—a new operation which came to be called "Operation Nordlicht" (Operation Northern Light). Following the liberation, the Norwegian government-in-exile was replaced by a coalition led by Einar Gerhardsen which governed until the autumn of 1945 when the first postwar general election was held, returning Gerhardsen as prime minister, at the head of a Labour Party government. Following the surrender, detachments of regular Norwegian and Allied troops were sent to Norway, which included 13,000 Norwegians trained in Sweden and 30,000 Britons and Americans. The occupation of Norway in the spring of 1940 by Nazi Germany was swift and decisive. The DNA governed almost continuously from 1945 to 1965. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. At the end of the war the German troops in Norway capitulated without offering resistance. The shared hardship of the war years also set the stage for social welfare policies of the post-war Norwegian Labour Party governments. Hirden was a fascist paramilitary force with party members subordinate to the ruling party. Her government was defeated at the polls in September of that year, and a Conservative, Kåre Willoch, became prime minister. World War II started in September 1939 when Poland was invaded by German soldiers. In addition to the Jews, members of the resistance movement and other people who had more acute reason to fear for their lives, a great many refugees were men of military age wishing to join the Norwegian armed forces abroad. By war's end, 92,000 Norwegians were located abroad, including 46,000 in Sweden. The German invasion of Norway on April 9, 1940, was made to preempt Britain’s invasion of Norway. A total of 10,262 Norwegians lost their lives in the conflict or while imprisoned. On 1 April, German Führer Adolf Hitler had ordered the German invasion of Norway to begin on 9 April; so, when on the day before, 8 April, the Norwegian government was preoccupied with earnest protest about the British mine-laying, the German expeditions were already mobilizing.[3]. This remained the situation as 1944 slipped into 1945. Volunteers from the local population were hastily formed into "guard companies" armed with Soviet weapons pending the arrival of more troops from either Sweden or Britain. Prior to 1940, there were few such volunteers, but after the invasion, their numbers increased dramatically totaling around 50,000 by … On April 9, 1940, German troops invaded the country and quickly occupied Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim, and Narvik. There was no Dreadnought or even older battleships in service, but small and old battleships, closer to the Scandinavian coastal battleships. The Schutzstaffel maintained a strength of six thousand in Norway during World War II, under the command of Obergruppenführer Wilhelm Rediess. Throughout the war years, a number of Norwegians fled the Nazi regime, mostly across the border to Sweden. The Norwegian Army was given the lowest priority of all the exiled Norwegian forces; it never exceeded 4,000 men. However most organizations opted for passive resistance. Military forces such as the Heer and Luftwaffe remained under direct command of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht in Germany throughout the war, but all other authority was vested in the Reich commissioner. By the autumn of 1939 there was an increasing sense of urgency because of its long western coastline facing access routes into the North Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean that Norway had to prepare, not only to protect its neutrality, but indeed to fight for its freedom and independence. Illegal trade union periodicals included Fri Fagbevegelse.[7]. It is not known who compiled the album, entitled 'With the Reichskommissar North Norway and Finland 10-27 July, 1942', but it would have been for Nazi propaganda. At 21:10 on the same day, the German High Command ordered Böhme to follow the capitulation plans, and he made a radio broadcast at 22:00 in which he declared that German forces in Norway would obey orders. A number of people were sentenced to pay heavy fines. In June 1940, some 13 warships and 5 aircraft of the Royal Norwegian Navy, including their 500 operating personnel, followed the King and parliament to Britain. The same day, King Haakon VII, Crown Prince Olaf, and the government left for London, and on June 10 the Norwegian troops in northern Norway capitulated. Throughout the war, some 118 ships served the Royal Norwegian Navy, of which 58 were in active service at the end of the war. Except for Poland, Norway and Denmark were the two countries occupied by the NAZI for the longest period. The Nazification attempt aroused strong resistance, however. Most German soldiers considered themselves fortunate to be in Norway, particularly in comparison with those experiencing savage combat duty on the Eastern Front. By then the Royal Norwegian Navy had continuously and actively served Allied forces since the summer of 1940, and had suffered the loss of 27 ships and 650 men. Royal Norwegian Navy in WW2 A coastal Navy with ships, fjords and forts Everybody remembered the Norwegian Campaign. Although there was much resistance against most of the Nazi government's policies, there was considerable cooperation in ensuring economic activity and social welfare programs. The history of the resistance movement may have been glorified excessively, but it has also provided Norwegian military and political leaders with durable role models. In the other cities that were attacked, the Germans faced only weak or no resistance. These formations, numbering 12,000 men organised into battalions and with their own pioneers, signals and artillery by VE-day, were equipped with Swedish weapons and equipment and trained by Norwegian and Swedish officers. Combined with a general drop in productivity, Norwegians were quickly confronted with scarcity of basic commodities, including food. Shopping. As the Norwegian citizenry had not been armed or trained in the use of arms for nearly three centuries they were not able to fight. 742 were sent to concentration camps, 23 died as a result of extrajudicial execution, murder, and suicide during the war; bringing the total of Jewish Norwegian dead to at least 765, comprising 230 complete households. Conventional armed resistance to the German invasion ended on 10 June 1940 and Nazi Germany controlled Norway until the capitulation of German forces in Europe on 8/9 May 1945. In the September polling, Labour (led by former foreign minister Jonas Gahr Støre) continued to hold the largest number of seats in the Storting, but Conservatives and their coalition partners maintained their narrow majority. A major storm on 7 April resulted in the British Navy failing to make material contact with the German shipping. The rest of the refugees were effectively locked up in Sweden for the duration, except for a small number of officers, pilots or other specialists managing to obtain priority on the occasional plane leaving Sweden for Britain. When the Germans finally capitulated on 8 May 1945, the 1st company of the Varanger battalion was positioned along the Finnmark-Troms border to the west of Alta. However, the Germans, quickly reinforced by Panzer and motorised machine gun battalions,[4]:80 proved unstoppable due to their superior numbers, training, and equipment. On the pretext that Norway needed protection from British and French interference, Germany invaded Norway for several reasons: Through neglect both on the part of the Norwegian foreign minister Halvdan Koht and minister of defence Birger Ljungberg, Norway was largely unprepared for the German military invasion when it came on the night of 8–9 April 1940. The surprise, and the lack of preparedness of Norway for a large-scale invasion of this kind, gave the German forces their initial success. The Nazis set up border patrols to stop these flights across the very long border, but locals who knew the woods found ways to bypass them. Assault in Norway: Sabotaging the Nazi Nuclear Program by Thomas Gallagher By 1942 German scientists seemed to have an insurmountable head start over their Allied counterparts in developing an operational atomic bomb. * By Simon Orchard * Overview After more than 3 years of war against the Soviet Union, -longer if you include the winter war of 1939-40, the Finns were war weary and could see the end in site for Germany. The Blücher was hit b… Once the resistance movement became more firmly organized, its members undertook large-scale industrial sabotage, of which the most important was that against the production of heavy water in Rjukan in southern Norway. Norwegian mobilisation was hampered by the loss of much of the best equipment to the Germans in the first 24 hours of the invasion, the unclear mobilisation order by the government, and the general confusion caused by the tremendous psychological shock of the German surprise attack. See more ideas about norway, world war, world war two. The Conservatives formed a three-party coalition government under Jan Peder Syse but resigned after one year over the issue of Norway’s future relationship with the EEC. It was, of course, a part of the general historical narrative, but for more than forty years the only significant work on the First World War was the book Norge og … Stars: Andreas Döhler, Robert Hunger-Bühler, Marc Ben Puch, Christoph Bach. Several incidents in Norwegian maritime waters, notably the Altmark incident in Jøssingfjord, put great strains on Norway's ability to assert its neutrality. Political power was wielded by the German commissioner Josef Terboven. It was hoped that this would divert German forces away from France, and open a war front in south Sweden. [citation needed] Refugees were often confined to camps where only their basic needs were met. Approximately 50,000 Norwegians were arrested by the Germans during the occupation. The primary Luftwaffe day fighter unit dedicated to serve in the area of Norway, Jagdgeschwader 5 (5th Fighter Wing), was the unit that used more of the surviving World War II German fighter aircraft than any other in the forces of the Axis powers during World War II. Since the 1970s a central issue in Norwegian politics has been the exploitation of the rich natural gas and petroleum deposits in the Norwegian part of the North Sea. Official representatives of the Norwegian civil authorities followed soon after these military forces, with Crown Prince Olav arriving in Oslo on a British cruiser on 14 May, with a 21-man delegation of Norwegian government officials headed up by Sverre Støstad and Paul Hartmann, with the remainder of the Norwegian government and the London-based administration following on the UK troopship Andes. 77 Norwegians and 18 Germans received life sentences. If you copy my work, please include my byline and a link back to this website. Prominent resistance members, among them Max Manus and Gunnar Sønsteby, destroyed several ships and supplies of the Kriegsmarine. How a Commando Raid on Norway Changed World War II (And Hitler) The raid on Vaagso Island reinforced Hitler’s notion that the Allies were going to use Norway … German prisoners of war from Elverum camp being processed prior to embarkation from Norway to Germany. A planned Norwegian administration was set up overnight. Hitler not being aware of anyone better, supported him from the evening of 9 April. Norway also effectively lost her entire navy, and her people experienced increased hardships during Germany’s five-year occupation. NORWAY’S FEARLESS WWII RESISTANCE FIGHTERS. Rendulic, fearing an encirclement of his forces, ordered the 19th Mountain Corps to fall back into Norway. Even as much of the rest of the world struggled in the wake of the international financial crisis that began in 2008, Norway continued to prosper, with its economy continuing to grow steadily and unemployment remaining low at about 3 percent. Reinforcements arrived from the Norwegian Rikspoliti based in Sweden as well as convoys from Britain. Holding out against five times as many British and French troops, they were close to rebellion before finally slipping out from Narvik on 28 May. Pay heavy fines responsible for creating a liaison with the order to open fire mi ( km! Of six thousand in Norway. [ 6 ] in addition to this came the physical and patrimonial of... And settlements were damaged or destroyed by bombing the village of Nybergsund be destroyed occupation reduced! Was given the lowest priority of all the exiled Norwegian forces his to! Fri Fagbevegelse. [ 3 ] minimum of armed forces Sound of bombers was heard Lakselv in Norway, mi... 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